Yeah I reckon just glue the disk in then use silicone or expanda foam once the probe is in, possibly just the easiest and most straight forward option.
I would just cover it with a bit of scrap sheet material(ply, metal, plastic etc) attached on the inside and drill a new hole for the thermostat probe. If you just screw this on you can remove it later if you want to put the lights back in. To plug smaller holes i use bluetack and tape on the outside (but i spare no expenses).