There are two separate issues with heat rocks. Firstly, the poorly manufactured ones can develop hot spots. This can be due to uneven distribution of heating element and thickness of covering material, as mentioned. It can also develop due to a change in the thermal properties of the material over time, as a result of poor quality manufacture (cheap materials). These problems rarely if ever occur with good quality brand items.
The second issue is that the inbuilt thermostat can fail. When this happen the current continues to flow and the rock continues to heat up. Even the quality thermostats can sometimes fail, though rarely. This why it possible to use a quality item for many, many years and never have an issue and someone else with the same brand item isn't so lucky. Two of the leading companies were attempting to design a heat rock that goes cold when it fails. In the last 18 months I have heard nothing on any progress being made. One safeguard, as suggested is to have an additional thermostat controlling the external power to the appliances.
Reptiles will survive cooler conditions for some considerable length of time, without lasting ill effects. However, in conditions of excessive heat, they succumb fairly quickly. As GeckoJosh pointed out, they do not have the same sort of heat sensor in their skin as what we have. The heat has to penetrate to their core receptors at a level that says they are warm enough and can now move off. So with objects that reach really high surface temperatures, like light bulbs and ceramic heat emitters, they can easily develop serious contact burns before they realise it.
One bit of advice. Use the lowest possible wattages to adequately heat an enclosure. That way, if a thermostat fails, you won’t come home to a disaster.
Blue